The Protestant
Reformation
Religion in America
Martin Luther
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Protest against abuses of the Church
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1517: the 95 Theses
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Basic principles of Protestantism
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Sola fide: by faith alone (Paul’s Epistle to the Romans)
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Sola scriptura: Bible alone
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Need for translation into common languages
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Priesthood of all believers
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End of celibate priesthood
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Sacraments reduced from seven to two
Reformation spreads
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Church reaction: excommunication, 1521
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Luther’s support spreads throughout Europe, esp.
Germany and Scandinavia
The English
Reformation
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Henry VIII of England: “defensor fide”
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Catherine of Aragon and Mary
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Anne Boleyn and Elizabeth, 1533
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Monastic orders abolished, lands seized, 1535-1539
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Edward VI, 1547-1553
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Protestantism firmly established
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Mary: Making England Catholic again
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Repression and “martyrdom”
In Geneva
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English Protestants to Continent
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John Calvin & the goal of a “godly society”
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Calvinism
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Sovereignty of God & rigorous obedience to Bible
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Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian
Religion
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Predestination: “TULIP”
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Army of the saints: activism in this world
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Suppression of evil and vice a duty to God
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Disobedience to ungodly ruler a duty to God
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Iconoclasm: Destroy “idols,” favor Word & worship
Catholic
Counterreformation
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Counterattack on Protestant defections
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St. Ignatius Loyola: Society of Jesus (Jesuits), 1534
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Council of Trent, 1545-1563
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Defining Catholic belief
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Faith and works cooperate in salvation
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Religious truth in both the Bible and tradition
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Reining in excess, abuses, images, etc.
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Anti-Calvinism: Optimistic view of human abilities
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Anti-Calvinism: Emphasis on religious art & music
The “Five Points” of
Calvinism
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Total
depravity
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Adam and Original Sin
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Unconditional
election
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Grace saves without any preconditions
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Limited
atonement
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Christ died for the “elect”
■
Irresistible
grace
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Perseverance
of the saints